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avrdude

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NAME

avrdude - driver program for ``simple'' Atmel AVR MCU programmer

SYNOPSIS

-p partno [-b baudrate ] [-B bitclock ] [-c programmer-id ] [-C config-file ] [-D ] [-e ] [-E exitspec [, exitspec ] ] [-F ] [-i delay ] [-n ] [-O ] [-P port ] [-q ] [-s ] [-t ] [-u ] [-U memtype:op:filename:filefmt ] [-v ] [-x extended_param ] [-V ] [-y ] [-Y ]

DESCRIPTION

Avrdude is a program for downloading code and data to Atmel AVR microcontrollers. Avrdude supports Atmel's STK500 programmer, Atmel's AVRISP and AVRISP mkII devices, Atmel's STK600, Atmel's JTAG ICE (both mkI and mkII, the latter also in ISP mode), programmers complying to AppNote AVR910 and AVR109 (including the Butterfly), as well as a simple hard-wired programmer connected directly to a ppi(4) or parport(4) parallel port, or to a standard serial port. In the simplest case, the hardware consists just of a cable connecting the respective AVR signal lines to the parallel port.

The MCU is programmed in serial programming mode so, for the ppi(4) based programmer, the MCU signals `/RESET' , `SCK' , `MISO' and `MOSI' need to be connected to the parallel port. Optionally, some otherwise unused output pins of the parallel port can be used to supply power for the MCU part, so it is also possible to construct a passive stand-alone programming device. Some status LEDs indicating the current operating state of the programmer can be connected, and a signal is available to control a buffer/driver IC 74LS367 (or 74HCT367). The latter can be useful to decouple the parallel port from the MCU when in-system programming is used.

A number of equally simple bit-bang programming adapters that connect to a serial port are supported as well, among them the popular Ponyprog serial adapter, and the DASA and DASA3 adapters that used to be supported by uisp(1). Note that these adapters are meant to be attached to a physical serial port. Connecting to a serial port emulated on top of USB is likely to not work at all, or to work abysmally slow.

Atmel's STK500 programmer is also supported and connects to a serial port. Both, firmware versions 1.x and 2.x can be handled, but require a different programmer type specification (by now). Using firmware version 2, high-voltage programming is also supported, both parallel and serial (programmer types stk500pp and stk500hvsp).

The Arduino (which is very similar to the STK500 1.x) is supported via its own programmer type specification ``arduino''.

Atmel's STK600 programmer is supported in ISP and high-voltage programming modes, and connects through the USB. For ATxmega devices, the STK600 is supported in PDI mode.

The simple serial programmer described in Atmel's application note AVR910, and the bootloader described in Atmel's application note AVR109 (which is also used by the AVR Butterfly evaluation board), are supported on a serial port.

Atmel's JTAG ICE (both mkI and mkII) is supported as well to up- or download memory areas from/to an AVR target (no support for on-chip debugging). For the JTAG ICE mkII, JTAG, debugWire and ISP mode are supported. See below for the limitations of debugWire.

The AVR Dragon is supported in all modes (ISP, JTAG, HVSP, PP, debugWire). When used in JTAG and debugWire mode, the AVR Dragon behaves similar to a JTAG ICE mkII, so all device-specific comments for that device will apply as well. When used in ISP mode, the AVR Dragon behaves similar to an AVRISP mkII (or JTAG ICE mkII in ISP mode), so all device-specific comments will apply there. In particular, the Dragon starts out with a rather fast ISP clock frequency, so the -B bitclock option might be required to achieve a stable ISP communication.

The USBasp ISP and USBtinyISP adapters are also supported, provided avrdude has been compiled with libusb support. They both feature simple firwmare-only USB implementations, running on an ATmega8 (or ATmega88), or ATtiny2313, respectively.

Input files can be provided, and output files can be written in different file formats, such as raw binary files containing the data to download to the chip, Intel hex format, or Motorola S-record format. There are a number of tools available to produce those files, like asl(1) as a standalone assembler, or avr-objcopy1 for the final stage of the GNU toolchain for the AVR microcontroller.

Avrdude can program the EEPROM and flash ROM memory cells of supported AVR parts. Where supported by the serial instruction set, fuse bits and lock bits can be programmed as well. These are implemented within as separate memory types and can be programmed using data from a file (see the -m option) or from terminal mode (see the dump and write commands). It is also possible to read the chip (provided it has not been code-protected previously, of course) and store the data in a file. Finally, a ``terminal'' mode is available that allows one to interactively communicate with the MCU, and to display or program individual memory cells. On the STK500 and STK600 programmer, several operational parameters (target supply voltage, target Aref voltage, master clock) can be examined and changed from within terminal mode as well.

Options

In order to control all the different operation modi, a number of options need to be specified to avrdude

-p partno

This is the only option that is mandatory for every invocation of avrdude It specifies the type of the MCU connected to the programmer. These are read from the config file. If avrdude does not know about a part that you have, simply add it to the config file (be sure and submit a patch back to the author so that it can be incorporated for the next version). See the sample config file for the format. Currently, the following MCU types are understood:

Option tag	Official part name
c128	AT90CAN128
pwm2	AT90PWM2
pwm3	AT90PWM3
1200	AT90S1200
2313	AT90S2313
2333	AT90S2333
2343	AT90S2343 (*)
4414	AT90S4414
4433	AT90S4433
4434	AT90S4434
8515	AT90S8515
8535	AT90S8535
m103	ATmega103
m128	ATmega128
m1280	ATmega1280
m1281	ATmega1281
m1284p	ATmega1284P
m128rfa1	ATmega128RFA1
m16	ATmega16
m161	ATmega161
m162	ATmega162
m163	ATmega163
m164	ATmega164
m169	ATmega169
m2560	ATmega2560 (**)
m2561	ATmega2561 (**)
m32	ATmega32
m324	ATmega324
m329	ATmega329
m3290	ATmega3290
m48	ATmega48
m64	ATmega64
m640	ATmega640
m644	ATmega644
m649	ATmega649
m6490	ATmega6490
m8	ATmega8
m8515	ATmega8515
m8535	ATmega8535
m88	ATmega88
t12	ATtiny12
t13	ATtiny13
t15	ATtiny15
t2313	ATtiny2313
t25	ATtiny25
t26	ATtiny26
t45	ATtiny45
t85	ATtiny85
x128a1	ATxmega128A1
x128a1d	ATxmega128A1revD

"(*)"

The AT90S2323 and ATtiny22 use the same algorithm.

"(**)"

Flash addressing above 128 KB is not supported by all programming hardware. Known to work are jtag2, stk500v2, and bit-bang programmers.

-b baudrate

Override the RS-232 connection baud rate specified in the respective programmer's entry of the configuration file.

-B bitclock

Specify the bit clock period for the JTAG interface or the ISP clock (JTAG ICE only). The value is a floating-point number in microseconds. The default value of the JTAG ICE results in about 1 microsecond bit clock period, suitable for target MCUs running at 4 MHz clock and above. Unlike certain parameters in the STK500, the JTAG ICE resets all its parameters to default values when the programming software signs off from the ICE, so for MCUs running at lower clock speeds, this parameter must be specified on the command-line.

-c programmer-id

Use the pin configuration specified by the argument. Pin configurations are read from the config file (see the -C option). New pin configurations can be easily added or modified through the use of a config file to make avrdude work with different programmers as long as the programmer supports the Atmel AVR serial program method. You can use the 'default_programmer' keyword in your ${HOME}/.avrduderc file to assign a default programmer to keep from having to specify this option on every invocation.

-C config-file

Use the specified config file to load configuration data. This file contains all programmer and part definitions that avrdude knows about. If you have a programmer or part that avrdude does not know about, you can add it to the config file (be sure and submit a patch back to the author so that it can be incorporated for the next version). See the config file, located at /etc/avrdude.conf which contains a description of the format.

-D

Disable auto erase for flash. When the -U option with flash memory is specified, will perform a chip erase before starting any of the programming operations, since it generally is a mistake to program the flash without performing an erase first. This option disables that. Auto erase is not used for ATxmega devices as these devices can use page erase before writing each page so no explicit chip erase is required. Note however that any page not affected by the current operation will retain its previous contents.

-e

Causes a chip erase to be executed. This will reset the contents of the flash ROM and EEPROM to the value `0xff' , and clear all lock bits. Except for ATxmega devices which can use page erase, it is basically a prerequisite command before the flash ROM can be reprogrammed again. The only exception would be if the new contents would exclusively cause bits to be programmed from the value `1' to `0' Note that in order to reprogram EERPOM cells, no explicit prior chip erase is required since the MCU provides an auto-erase cycle in that case before programming the cell.

-E exitspec [, exitspec ]

By default, leaves the parallel port in the same state at exit as it has been found at startup. This option modifies the state of the `/RESET' and `Vcc' lines the parallel port is left at, according to the exitspec arguments provided, as follows:

reset

The `/RESET' signal will be left activated at program exit, that is it will be held low in order to keep the MCU in reset state afterwards. Note in particular that the programming algorithm for the AT90S1200 device mandates that the `/RESET' signal is active before powering up the MCU, so in case an external power supply is used for this MCU type, a previous invocation of with this option specified is one of the possible ways to guarantee this condition.

noreset

The `/RESET' line will be deactivated at program exit, thus allowing the MCU target program to run while the programming hardware remains connected.

vcc

This option will leave those parallel port pins active (i. e. high ) that can be used to supply `Vcc' power to the MCU.

novcc

This option will pull the `Vcc' pins of the parallel port down at program exit.

Multiple exitspec arguments can be separated with commas.

-F

Normally, tries to verify that the device signature read from the part is reasonable before continuing. Since it can happen from time to time that a device has a broken (erased or overwritten) device signature but is otherwise operating normally, this options is provided to override the check. Also, for programmers like the Atmel STK500 and STK600 which can adjust parameters local to the programming tool (independent of an actual connection to a target controller), this option can be used together with -t to continue in terminal mode.

-i delay

For bitbang-type programmers, delay for approximately delay microseconds between each bit state change. If the host system is very fast, or the target runs off a slow clock (like a 32 kHz crystal, or the 128 kHz internal RC oscillator), this can become necessary to satisfy the requirement that the ISP clock frequency must not be higher than 1/4 of the CPU clock frequency. This is implemented as a spin-loop delay to allow even for very short delays. On Unix-style operating systems, the spin loop is initially calibrated against a system timer, so the number of microseconds might be rather realistic, assuming a constant system load while is running. On Win32 operating systems, a preconfigured number of cycles per microsecond is assumed that might be off a bit for very fast or very slow machines.

-n

No-write - disables actually writing data to the MCU (useful for debugging avrdude ).

-O

Perform a RC oscillator run-time calibration according to Atmel application note AVR053. This is only supported on the STK500v2, AVRISP mkII, and JTAG ICE mkII hardware. Note that the result will be stored in the EEPROM cell at address 0.

-P port

Use port to identify the device to which the programmer is attached. By default the /dev/ppi0 port is used, but if the programmer type normally connects to the serial port, the /dev/cuaa0 port is the default. If you need to use a different parallel or serial port, use this option to specify the alternate port name.

On Win32 operating systems, the parallel ports are referred to as lpt1 through lpt3, referring to the addresses 0x378, 0x278, and 0x3BC, respectively. If the parallel port can be accessed through a different address, this address can be specified directly, using the common C language notation (i. e., hexadecimal values are prefixed by `0x' ).

For the JTAG ICE mkII, if has been configured with libusb support, port can alternatively be specified as usb [: serialno ] This will cause to search a JTAG ICE mkII on USB. If serialno is also specified, it will be matched against the serial number read from any JTAG ICE mkII found on USB. The match is done after stripping any existing colons from the given serial number, and right-to-left, so only the least significant bytes from the serial number need to be given.

As the AVRISP mkII device can only be talked to over USB, the very same method of specifying the port is required there.

For the USB programmer "AVR-Doper" running in HID mode, the port must be specified as avrdoper. Libusb support is required on Unix but not on Windows. For more information about AVR-Doper see http://www.obdev.at/avrusb/avrdoper.html.

For programmers that attach to a serial port using some kind of higher level protocol (as opposed to bit-bang style programmers), port can be specified as net : host : port In this case, instead of trying to open a local device, a TCP network connection to (TCP) port on host is established. The remote endpoint is assumed to be a terminal or console server that connects the network stream to a local serial port where the actual programmer has been attached to. The port is assumed to be properly configured, for example using a transparent 8-bit data connection without parity at 115200 Baud for a STK500. This feature is currently not implemented for Win32 systems.

-q

Disable (or quell) output of the progress bar while reading or writing to the device. Specify it a second time for even quieter operation.

-s

Disable safemode prompting. When safemode discovers that one or more fuse bits have unintentionally changed, it will prompt for confirmation regarding whether or not it should attempt to recover the fuse bit(s). Specifying this flag disables the prompt and assumes that the fuse bit(s) should be recovered without asking for confirmation first.

-t

Tells to enter the interactive ``terminal'' mode instead of up- or downloading files. See below for a detailed description of the terminal mode.

-u

Disable the safemode fuse bit checks. Safemode is enabled by default and is intended to prevent unintentional fuse bit changes. When enabled, safemode will issue a warning if the any fuse bits are found to be different at program exit than they were when was invoked. Safemode won't alter fuse bits itself, but rather will prompt for instructions, unless the terminal is non-interactive, in which case safemode is disabled. See the -s option to disable safemode prompting.

-U memtype : op : filename [: format ]

Perform a memory operation as indicated. The memtype field specifies the memory type to operate on. The available memory types are device-dependent, the actual configuration can be viewed with the part command in terminal mode. Typically, a device's memory configuration at least contains the memory types flash and eeprom All memory types currently known are:

calibration

One or more bytes of RC oscillator calibration data.

eeprom

The EEPROM of the device.

efuse

The extended fuse byte.

flash

The flash ROM of the device.

fuse

The fuse byte in devices that have only a single fuse byte.

hfuse

The high fuse byte.

lfuse

The low fuse byte.

lock

The lock byte.

signature

The three device signature bytes (device ID).

The op field specifies what operation to perform:

r

read device memory and write to the specified file

w

read data from the specified file and write to the device memory

v

read data from both the device and the specified file and perform a verify

The filename field indicates the name of the file to read or write. The format field is optional and contains the format of the file to read or write. Format can be one of:

i

Intel Hex

s

Motorola S-record

r

raw binary; little-endian byte order, in the case of the flash ROM data

m

immediate; actual byte values specified on the command line, separated by commas or spaces. This is good for programming fuse bytes without having to create a single-byte file or enter terminal mode.

a

auto detect; valid for input only, and only if the input is not provided at stdin

d

decimal; this and the following formats are only valid on output. They generate one line of output for the respective memory section, forming a comma-separated list of the values. This can be particularly useful for subsequent processing, like for fuse bit settings.

h

hexadecimal; each value will get the string 0x prepended.

o

octal; each value will get a 0 prepended unless it is less than 8 in which case it gets no prefix.

b

binary; each value will get the string 0b prepended.

The default is to use auto detection for input files, and raw binary format for output files. Note that if filename contains a colon, the format field is no longer optional since the filename part following the colon would otherwise be misinterpreted as format

As an abbreviation, the form -U filename is equivalent to specifying -U flash:w: filename :a This will only work if filename does not have a colon in it.

-v

Enable verbose output.

-V

Disable automatic verify check when uploading data.

-x extended_param

Pass extended_param to the chosen programmer implementation as an extended parameter. The interpretation of the extended parameter depends on the programmer itself. See below for a list of programmers accepting extended parameters.

-y

Tells to use the last four bytes of the connected parts' EEPROM memory to track the number of times the device has been erased. When this option is used and the -e flag is specified to generate a chip erase, the previous counter will be saved before the chip erase, it is then incremented, and written back after the erase cycle completes. Presumably, the device would only be erased just before being programmed, and thus, this can be utilized to give an indication of how many erase-rewrite cycles the part has undergone. Since the FLASH memory can only endure a finite number of erase-rewrite cycles, one can use this option to track when a part is nearing the limit. The typical limit for Atmel AVR FLASH is 1000 cycles. Of course, if the application needs the last four bytes of EEPROM memory, this option should not be used.

-Y cycles

Instructs to initialize the erase-rewrite cycle counter residing at the last four bytes of EEPROM memory to the specified value. If the application needs the last four bytes of EEPROM memory, this option should not be used.

Terminal mode

In this mode, only initializes communication with the MCU, and then awaits user commands on standard input. Commands and parameters may be abbreviated to the shortest unambiguous form. Terminal mode provides a command history using readline(3), so previously entered command lines can be recalled and edited. The following commands are currently implemented:

dump memtype addr nbytes

Read nbytes bytes from the specified memory area, and display them in the usual hexadecimal and ASCII form.

dump

Continue dumping the memory contents for another nbytes where the previous dump command left off.

write memtype addr byte1 ... byteN

Manually program the respective memory cells, starting at address addr using the values byte1 through byteN This feature is not implemented for bank-addressed memories such as the flash memory of ATMega devices.

erase

Perform a chip erase.

send b1 b2 b3 b4

Send raw instruction codes to the AVR device. If you need access to a feature of an AVR part that is not directly supported by , this command allows you to use it, even though does not implement the command. When using direct SPI mode, up to 3 bytes can be omitted.

sig

Display the device signature bytes.

spi

Enter direct SPI mode. The pgmled pin acts as slave select. Only supported on parallel bitbang programmers.

part

Display the current part settings and parameters. Includes chip specific information including all memory types supported by the device, read/write timing, etc.

pgm

Return to programming mode (from direct SPI mode).

vtarg voltage

Set the target's supply voltage to voltage Volts. Only supported on the STK500 and STK600 programmer.

varef [channel voltage ]

Set the adjustable voltage source to voltage Volts. This voltage is normally used to drive the target's Aref input on the STK500. On the Atmel STK600, two reference voltages are available, which can be selected by the optional channel argument (either 0 or 1). Only supported on the STK500 and STK600 programmer.

fosc freq [M | k ]

Set the master oscillator to freq Hz. An optional trailing letter M multiplies by 1E6, a trailing letter k by 1E3. Only supported on the STK500 and STK600 programmer.

fosc off

Turn the master oscillator off. Only supported on the STK500 and STK600 programmer.

sck period

STK500 and STK600 programmer only: Set the SCK clock period to period microseconds.

JTAG ICE only: Set the JTAG ICE bit clock period to period microseconds. Note that unlike STK500 settings, this setting will be reverted to its default value (approximately 1 microsecond) when the programming software signs off from the JTAG ICE. This parameter can also be used on the JTAG ICE mkII to specify the ISP clock period when operating the ICE in ISP mode.

parms

STK500 and STK600 programmer only: Display the current voltage and master oscillator parameters.

JTAG ICE only: Display the current target supply voltage and JTAG bit clock rate/period.

?

help

Give a short on-line summary of the available commands.

quit

Leave terminal mode and thus avrdude

Default Parallel port pin connections

(these can be changed, see the -c option)

Pin number	Function
2-5	Vcc (optional power supply to MCU)
7	/RESET (to MCU)
8	SCK (to MCU)
9	MOSI (to MCU)
10	MISO (from MCU)
18-25	GND

debugWire limitations

The debugWire protocol is Atmel's proprietary one-wire (plus ground) protocol to allow an in-circuit emulation of the smaller AVR devices, using the `/RESET' line. DebugWire mode is initiated by activating the `DWEN' fuse, and then power-cycling the target. While this mode is mainly intented for debugging/emulation, it also offers limited programming capabilities. Effectively, the only memory areas that can be read or programmed in this mode are flash ROM and EEPROM. It is also possible to read out the signature. All other memory areas cannot be accessed. There is no chip erase functionality in debugWire mode; instead, while reprogramming the flash ROM, each flash ROM page is erased right before updating it. This is done transparently by the JTAG ICE mkII (or AVR Dragon). The only way back from debugWire mode is to initiate a special sequence of commands to the JTAG ICE mkII (or AVR Dragon), so the debugWire mode will be temporarily disabled, and the target can be accessed using normal ISP programming. This sequence is automatically initiated by using the JTAG ICE mkII or AVR Dragon in ISP mode, when they detect that ISP mode cannot be entered.

Programmers accepting extended parameters

JTAG ICE mkII

AVR Dragon

When using the JTAG ICE mkII or AVR Dragon in JTAG mode, the following extended parameter is accepted:

jtagchain=UB,UA,BB,BA

Setup the JTAG scan chain for UB units before, UA units after, BB bits before, and BA bits after the target AVR, respectively. Each AVR unit within the chain shifts by 4 bits. Other JTAG units might require a different bit shift count.

AVR910

devcode=VALUE

Override the device code selection by using VALUE as the device code. The programmer is not queried for the list of supported device codes, and the specified VALUE is not verified but used directly within the `T' command sent to the programmer. VALUE can be specified using the conventional number notation of the C programming language.

no_blockmode

Disables the default checking for block transfer capability. Use no_blockmode only if your AVR910 programmer creates errors during initial sequence.

FILES

/dev/ppi0

default device to be used for communication with the programming hardware

/etc/avrdude.conf

programmer and parts configuration file

${HOME}/.avrduderc

programmer and parts configuration file (per-user overrides)

~/.inputrc

Initialization file for the readline(3) library

/usr/share/doc/avrdude-doc/avrdude.pdf

Schematic of programming hardware

DIAGNOSTICS

 avrdude: jtagmkII_setparm(): bad response to set parameter command: RSP_FAILED
 avrdude: jtagmkII_getsync(): ISP activation failed, trying debugWire
 avrdude: Target prepared for ISP, signed off.
 avrdude: Please restart avrdude without power-cycling the target.
 

If the target AVR has been set up for debugWire mode (i. e. the DWEN fuse is programmed), normal ISP connection attempts will fail as the /RESET pin is not available. When using the JTAG ICE mkII in ISP mode, the message shown indicates that has guessed this condition, and tried to initiate a debugWire reset to the target. When successful, this will leave the target AVR in a state where it can respond to normal ISP communication again (until the next power cycle). Typically, the same command is going to be retried again immediately afterwards, and will then succeed connecting to the target using normal ISP communication.

SEE ALSO

avr-objcopy1, ppi(4), readline(3)

The AVR microcontroller product description can be found at

"http://www.atmel.com/products/AVR/"

AUTHORS

Avrdude was written by Brian S. Dean <bsd@bsdhome.com>.

This man page by Joerg Wunsch.

BUGS

Please report bugs via

"http://savannah.nongnu.org/bugs/?group=avrdude"

The JTAG ICE programmers currently cannot write to the flash ROM one byte at a time. For that reason, updating the flash ROM from terminal mode does not work.

Page-mode programming the EEPROM through JTAG (i.e. through an -U option) requires a prior chip erase. This is an inherent feature of the way JTAG EEPROM programming works. This also applies to the STK500 and STK600 in parallel programming mode.

The USBasp and USBtinyISP drivers do not offer any option to distinguish multiple devices connected simultaneously, so effectively only a single device is supported.