ndb_restore

Langue: en

Version: 11/16/2009 (ubuntu - 24/10/10)

Section: 1 (Commandes utilisateur)

NAME

ndb_restore - restore a MySQL Cluster backup

SYNOPSIS

ndb_restore options

DESCRIPTION

The cluster restoration program is implemented as a separate command-line utility ndb_restore, which can normally be found in the MySQL bin directory. This program reads the files created as a result of the backup and inserts the stored information into the database.

ndb_restore must be executed once for each of the backup files that were created by the START BACKUP command used to create the backup (see Section 17.5.3.2, "Using The MySQL Cluster Management Client to Create a Backup"). This is equal to the number of data nodes in the cluster at the time that the backup was created.


Note

Before using ndb_restore, it is recommended that the cluster be running in single user mode, unless you are restoring multiple data nodes in parallel. See Section 17.5.6, "MySQL Cluster Single User Mode", for more information about single user mode.

The following table includes options that are specific to the MySQL Cluster backup restoration program ndb_restore. Additional descriptions follow the table. For options common to all MySQL Cluster programs, see Section 17.4.2, "Options Common to MySQL Cluster Programs".

Typical options for this utility are shown here:

 ndb_restore [-c connectstring] -n
 node_id [-s] [-m] -b backup_id -r --backup_path=/path/to/backup/files [-e]
 

The -c option is used to specify a connectstring which tells ndb_restore where to locate the cluster management server. (See Section 17.3.2.3, "The MySQL Cluster Connectstring", for information on connectstrings.) If this option is not used, then ndb_restore attempts to connect to a management server on localhost:1186. This utility acts as a cluster API node, and so requires a free connection "slot" to connect to the cluster management server. This means that there must be at least one [api] or [mysqld] section that can be used by it in the cluster config.ini file. It is a good idea to keep at least one empty [api] or [mysqld] section in config.ini that is not being used for a MySQL server or other application for this reason (see Section 17.3.2.7, "Defining SQL and Other API Nodes in a MySQL Cluster").

You can verify that ndb_restore is connected to the cluster by using the SHOW command in the ndb_mgm management client. You can also accomplish this from a system shell, as shown here:

 shell> ndb_mgm -e "SHOW"
 

-n is used to specify the node ID of the data node on which the backups were taken.

The first time you run the ndb_restore restoration program, you also need to restore the metadata. In other words, you must re-create the database tables --- this can be done by running it with the -m option. Note that the cluster should have an empty database when starting to restore a backup. (In other words, you should start ndbd with --initial prior to performing the restore. You should also remove manually any Disk Data files present in the data node's DataDir.)

It is possible to restore data without restoring table metadata. Prior to MySQL 5.1.17, ndb_restore did not perform any checks of table schemas; if a table was altered between the time the backup was taken and when ndb_restore was run, ndb_restore would still attempt to restore the data to the altered table.

Beginning with MySQL 5.1.17, the default behavior is for ndb_restore to fail with an error if table data do not match the table schema; this can be overridden using the --skip-table-check or -s option. Prior to MySQL 5.1.21, if this option is used, then ndb_restore attempts to fit data into the existing table schema, but the result of restoring a backup to a table schema that does not match the original is unspecified.

Beginning with MySQL Cluster NDB 6.3.8, ndb_restore supports limited attribute promotion in much the same way that it is supported by MySQL replication; that is, data backed up from a column of a given type can generally be restored to a column using a "larger, similar" type. For example, data from a CHAR(20) column can be restored to a column declared as VARCHAR(20), VARCHAR(30), or CHAR(30); data from a MEDIUMINT column can be restored to a column of type INT or BIGINT. See Section 16.3.1.5.2, "Replication of Columns Having Different Data Types", for a table of type conversions currently supported by attribute promotion.

Attribute promotion by ndb_restore must be enabled explicitly, as follows:

1. Prepare the table to which the backup is to be restored. ndb_restore cannot be used to re-create the table with a different definition from the original; this means that you must either create the table manually, or alter the columns which you wish to promote using ALTER TABLE after restoring the table metadata but before restoring the data.
2. Invoke ndb_restore with the --promote-attributes option (short form -A) when restoring the table data. Attribute promotion does not occur if this option is not used; instead, the restore operation fails with an error.

In addition to --promote-attributes, a --preserve-trailing-spaces option is also available for use with ndb_restore beginning with MySQL Cluster NDB 6.3.8. This option (short form -R) causes trailing spaces to be preserved when promoting a CHAR column to VARCHAR or a BINARY column to VARBINARY. Otherwise, any trailing spaces are dropped from column values when they are inserted into the new columns.


Note

Although you can promote CHAR columns to VARCHAR and BINARY columns to VARBINARY, you cannot promote VARCHAR columns to CHAR or VARBINARY columns to BINARY.

The -b option is used to specify the ID or sequence number of the backup, and is the same number shown by the management client in the Backup backup_id completed message displayed upon completion of a backup. (See Section 17.5.3.2, "Using The MySQL Cluster Management Client to Create a Backup".)


Important

When restoring cluster backups, you must be sure to restore all data nodes from backups having the same backup ID. Using files from different backups will at best result in restoring the cluster to an inconsistent state, and may fail altogether.

-e adds (or restores) epoch information to the cluster replication status table. This is useful for starting replication on a MySQL Cluster replication slave. When this option is used, the row in the mysql.ndb_apply_status having 0 in the id column is updated if it already exists; such a row is inserted if it does not already exist. (See Section 17.6.9, "MySQL Cluster Backups With MySQL Cluster Replication".)

The path to the backup directory is required; this is supplied to ndb_restore using the --backup_path option, and must include the subdirectory corresponding to the ID backup of the backup to be restored. For example, if the data node's DataDir is /var/lib/mysql-cluster, then the backup directory is /var/lib/mysql-cluster/BACKUP, and the backup files for the backup with the ID 3 can be found in /var/lib/mysql-cluster/BACKUP/BACKUP-3. The path may be absolute or relative to the directory in which the ndb_restore executable is located, and may be optionally prefixed with backup_path=.


Note

Previous to MySQL 5.1.17 and MySQL Cluster NDB 6.1.5, the path to the backup directory was specified as shown here, with backup_path= being optional:
 [backup_path=]/path/to/backup/files
 

Beginning with MySQL 5.1.17 and MySQL Cluster NDB 6.1.5, this syntax changed to --backup_path=/path/to/backup/files, to conform more closely with options used by other MySQL programs; --backup_id is required, and there is no short form for this option.

It is possible to restore a backup to a database with a different configuration than it was created from. For example, suppose that a backup with backup ID 12, created in a cluster with two database nodes having the node IDs 2 and 3, is to be restored to a cluster with four nodes. Then ndb_restore must be run twice --- once for each database node in the cluster where the backup was taken. However, ndb_restore cannot always restore backups made from a cluster running one version of MySQL to a cluster running a different MySQL version. See Section 17.2.6.2, "MySQL Cluster 5.1 and MySQL Cluster NDB 6.x/7.x Upgrade and Downgrade Compatibility", for more information.


Important

It is not possible to restore a backup made from a newer version of MySQL Cluster using an older version of ndb_restore. You can restore a backup made from a newer version of MySQL to an older cluster, but you must use a copy of ndb_restore from the newer MySQL Cluster version to do so.
For example, to restore a cluster backup taken from a cluster running MySQL Cluster NDB 6.2.15 to a cluster running MySQL 5.1.20, you must use a copy of ndb_restore from the MySQL Cluster NDB 6.2.15 distribution.

For more rapid restoration, the data may be restored in parallel, provided that there is a sufficient number of cluster connections available. That is, when restoring to multiple nodes in parallel, you must have an [api] or [mysqld] section in the cluster config.ini file available for each concurrent ndb_restore process. However, the data files must always be applied before the logs.

Formerly, when using ndb_restore to restore a backup made from a MySQL 5.0 cluster to a 5.1 cluster, VARCHAR columns were not resized and were recreated using the 5.0 fixed format. Beginning with MySQL 5.1.19, ndb_restore recreates such VARCHAR columns using MySQL Cluster 5.1's variable-width format. Also beginning with MySQL 5.1.19, this behavior can be overridden using the --no-upgrade option (short form: -u) when running ndb_restore.

Most of the options available for this program are shown in the following table:

Long Form Short Form Description Default Value
--backup-id -b Backup sequence ID None
--backup_path (added in MySQL 5.1.17 and MySQL Cluster
                  NDB 6.1.5; previously this was
                  backup_path --- see Note in text)
None Path to backup files None
--character-sets-dir None Specify the directory where character set information can be found None
--connect, --connectstring, or
                  --ndb-connectstring
-c or -C Set the connectstring in
                  [nodeid=node_id;][host=]host[:port]
                  format
localhost:1186
--core-file None Write a core file in the event of an error TRUE
--debug -# Output debug log d:t:O,/tmp/ndb_restore.trace
--dont_ignore_systab_0 -f Do not ignore system table during restore ---
                  EXPERIMENTAL; not for production
                  use
FALSE
--exclude-databases=db_list None Do not restore the indicated database or databases (added in MySQL
                  Cluster NDB 6.3.22 and 6.4.3)
[N/A]
--exclude-missing-columns None Ignore any columns present in the backup copy of the table that are not
                  present in the table as being restored (added in MySQL
                  Cluster NDB 6.3.26 and 7.0.7)
[N/A]
--exclude-tables=tbl_list None Do not restore the indicated table or tables; each table must be
                  specified using
                  database.table
                  format (added in MySQL Cluster NDB 6.3.22 and 6.4.3)
[N/A]
--help or --usage -? Display help message with available options and current values, then
                  exit
[N/A]
--include-databases=db_list None Restore only the indicated database or databases (added in MySQL Cluster
                  NDB 6.3.22 and 6.4.3)
[N/A]
--include-tables=tbl_list None Restore only the indicated table or tables; each table must be specified
                  using
                  database.table
                  format (added in MySQL Cluster NDB 6.3.22 and 6.4.3)
[N/A]
--ndb-mgmd-host None Set the host and port in
                  host[:port]
                  format for the management server to connect to; this
                  is the same as --connect,
                  --connectstring, or
                  --ndb-connectstring, but without a
                  way to specify the nodeid
None
--ndb-nodegroup-map -z Specifies a nodegroup map --- Syntax: list of
                  (source_nodegroup,
                  destination_nodegroup)
None
--ndb-nodeid None Specify a node ID for the ndb_restore process 0
--ndb-optimized-node-selection None Optimize selection of nodes for transactions TRUE
--ndb-shm None Use shared memory connections when available FALSE
--no-binlog None Do not write anything to mysqld binary logs (added in
                  MySQL Cluster NDB 6.2.16 and 6.3.16)
FALSE (in other words, write to binary logs unless
                  this option is used)
--no-restore-disk-objects -d Do not restore Disk Data objects such as tablespaces and log file groups FALSE (in other words, restore Disk Data objects
                  unless this option is used)
--no-upgrade -u Do not re-create VARSIZE columns from a MySQL 5.0
                  Cluster backup as variable-width columns (added in
                  MySQL 5.1.19)
FALSE (in other words, re-create
                  VARSIZE columns from a MySQL 5.0
                  Cluster backup as variable-width columns unless this
                  option is used)
--nodeid -n Use backup files from node with the specified ID 0
--parallelism -p Set from 1 to 1024 parallel transactions to be used during the
                  restoration process
128
--print None Print metadata, data, and log to stdout FALSE
--print_data None Print data to stdout FALSE
--print_log None Print log to stdout FALSE
--print_meta None Print metadata to stdout FALSE
--restore_data -r Restore data and logs FALSE
--restore_epoch -e Restore epoch data into the status table; the row in the
                  cluster.apply_status having the id
                  0 is inserted or updated as
                  appropriate --- this is convenient when starting
                  up replication on a MySQL Cluster replication slave
FALSE
--restore_meta -m Restore table metadata FALSE
--skip-table-check -s Do not check table schemas (Added in MySQL 5.1.17) FALSE
--version -V Output version information and exit [N/A]

Beginning with MySQL 5.1.18, several additional options are available for use with the --print_data option in generating data dumps, either to stdout, or to a file. These are similar to some of the options used with mysqldump, and are shown in the following table:

Long Form Short Form Description Default Value
--tab -T Creates dumpfiles, one per table, each named
                    tbl_name.txt.
                    Takes as its argument the path to the directory
                    where the files should be saved (required; use
                    . for the current directory).
None
--fields-enclosed-by None String used to enclose all column values None
--fields-optionally-enclosed-by None String used to enclose column values containing character data (such as
                    CHAR,
                    VARCHAR,
                    BINARY,
                    TEXT, or
                    ENUM)
None
--fields-terminated-by None String used to separate column values \t (tab character)
--hex None Use hex format for binary values [N/A]
--lines-terminated-by None String used to terminate each line \n (linefeed character)
--append None When used with --tab, causes the data
                    to be appended to existing files of the same name
[N/A]

Note

If a table has no explicit primary key, then the output generated when using the --print includes the table's hidden primary key.

Beginning with MySQL 5.1.18, it is possible to restore selected databases, or to restore selected tables from a given database using the syntax shown here:

 ndb_restore other_options db_name_1 [db_name_2[, db_name_3][, ...] | tbl_name_1[, tbl_name_2][, ...]]
 

In other words, you can specify either of the following to be restored:

• All tables from one or more databases
• One or more tables from a single database

Beginning with MySQL Cluster NDB 6.3.22 and 6.4.3, you can (and should) use instead the options --include-databases and --include-tables for restoring only specific databases or tables, respectively. --include-databases takes a comma-delimited list of databases to be restored. --include-tables takes a comma-delimited list of tables (in database.table format) to be restored. You can use these two options together. For example, the following causes all tables in databases db1 and db2, together with the tables t1 and t2 in database db3, to be restored (and no other databases or tables):

 shell> ndb_restore [...] --include-databases=db1,db2 --include-tables=db3.t1,db3.t2
 

(For the sake of clarity and brevity, we have omitted other, possibly required, options in the example just shown.) When --include-databases, --include-tables, or both are used, only those databases or tables specified are restored; all other databases and tables are ignored by ndb_restore.

Also beginning with MySQL Cluster NDB 6.3.22 and 6.4.3, it is possible to exclude from being restored one or more databases, tables, or both using the ndb_restore options --exclude-databases and --exclude-tables. --exclude-databases takes a comma-delimited list of one or more databases which should not be restored. --exclude-tables takes a comma-delimited list of one or more tables, using database.table format, which should not be restored. You can use these two options together. For example, the following causes all tables in all databases except for databases db1 and db2, along with the tables t1 and t2 in database db3, not to be restored:

 shell> ndb_restore [...] --exclude-databases=db1,db2 --exclude-tables=db3.t1,db3.t2
 

(Again, we have omitted other possibly necessary options in the interest of clarity and brevity from the example just shown.)

You should not use --include-databases or --include-tables together with --exclude-databases or --exclude-tables, since --include-databases and --include-tables exclude all databases and tables not explicitly named. Similarly, --exclude-databases and --exclude-tables include all databases and tables not listed in the arguments to these options.

Beginning with MySQL Cluster NDB 6.3.26 and MySQL Cluster NDB 7.0.7, it is also possible restore only selected table columns using the --exclude-missing-columns option. When this option is used, ndb_restore ignores any columns missing from tables being restored as compared to the versions of those tables found in the backup. This option applies to all tables being restored. If you wish to apply this option only to selected tables or databases, you can use it in combination with one or more of the options described in the previous paragraph to do so, then restore data to the remaining tables using a complementary set of these options.

Error reporting. ndb_restore reports both temporary and permanent errors. In the case of temporary errors, it may able to recover from them. Beginning with MySQL 5.1.12, it reports Restore successful, but encountered temporary error, please look at configuration in such cases.


Important

After using ndb_restore to initialize a MySQL Cluster for use in circular replication, binary logs on the SQL node acting as the replication slave are not automatically created, and you must cause them to be created manually. In order to cause the binary logs to be created, issue a SHOW TABLES statement on that SQL node before running START SLAVE.
This is a known issue with MySQL Cluster management, which we intend to address in a future release.

Copyright 2007-2008 MySQL AB, 2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc.

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SEE ALSO

For more information, please refer to the MySQL Reference Manual, which may already be installed locally and which is also available online at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/.

AUTHOR

Sun Microsystems, Inc. (http://www.mysql.com/).